Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of neurological disorders affecting movement, muscle tone, and posture, caused by damage to the developing brain, typically before or during birth.  It is a non-progressive condition primarily impacting motor function. The severity varies widely, ranging from mild movement difficulties to significant physical impairments requiring extensive support. 

There are four main types of CP:

1. Spastic CP: Characterized by stiff muscles and awkward movements 

2. Ataxic CP: Affects balance and depth perception 

3. Dyskinetic CP: Involves fluctuating muscle tone and involuntary movements 

4. Mixed CP: Combines symptoms of the above types 

Associated conditions may include intellectual disabilities, seizures, and sensory impairments. While the underlying brain damage doesn't worsen over time, symptoms may change as a person grows and develops. 

• Motor impairments: Stiff or floppy muscles, exaggerated reflexes, and difficulties with balance and coordination. This may result in challenges with walking, grasping objects, or performing fine motor tasks. 

• Delayed developmental milestones: Delays in sitting, crawling, walking, and speech development 

• Involuntary movements: Uncontrolled movements or tremors, particularly in the arms and legs 

• Muscle spasticity: Increased muscle tone leading to stiff, tight muscles that can restrict movement and cause pain 

• Associated issues: May include intellectual disabilities, seizures, vision or hearing problems, and difficulties with sensation and perception 

CP results from damage to the developing brain, often occurring during pregnancy, birth, or early infancy. Common causes include: 

• Prenatal infections 

• Lack of oxygen to the brain (asphyxia) 

• Premature birth 

• Brain injuries 

• Genetic factors 

• Maternal health conditions 

In some cases, the exact cause remains unknown (idiopathic CP). 

CP is often diagnosed between 6 months and 2 years of age, though signs may be evident earlier in severe cases. Diagnosing CP involves a comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare team, typically including: 

• Developmental monitoring: Regular assessments of motor skills, muscle tone, and reflexes 

• Brain Imaging: MRI or CT scans to detect brain abnormalities 

• Movement analysis: Observations of movement patterns and muscle activity. 

• Ruling out other conditions: Ensuring symptoms are not better explained by other disorders 

Management of CP focuses on maximizing functional abilities, improving mobility, and enhancing quality of life through:   

Therapeutic approaches: 

• Physical therapy: Improves strength, flexibility, and mobility 

• Occupational therapy: Enhances daily living skills and promotes independence 

• Speech and language therapy: Improves communication and addresses swallowing difficulties 

  Medical interventions: 

• Medications: manage symptoms such as muscle spasticity or pain 

• Surgical interventions: Correct physical deformities or improve function 

  Assistive technology: 

• Mobility aids: Braces, wheelchairs, walkers 

• Communication devices: Speech-generating devices, eye-gaze technology 

• Adaptive equipment: Specialized utensils and computer interfaces 

The prognosis for people with CP varies depending on the severity of the condition and associated complications. Many people with CP have a normal life expectancy, particularly those with milder forms. However, cases involving significant physical and intellectual disabilities may impact life expectancy. 

While not all cases of CP can be prevented, certain measures can reduce risk, including: 

• Proper prenatal care 

• Managing maternal health conditions 

• Avoiding alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy 

• Taking steps to prevent head injuries in infants and young children 

Living with CP can present emotional and social challenges. Support systems provided by family members and peers, educational accommodations, psychological counseling, vocational training, and employment support, among others, can help improve the quality of life for people with CP and their loved ones.